Nature-based solutions form a part of everyday life for urban citizens – whether that is a visit to a local park or passing by a favourite tree – such that their involvement in the design and implementation of new initiatives is critical. Urban citizens, for example through community gardens or food growing projects, are also central to the development and maintenance of nature-based solutions over time. Where citizen engagement is limited, unintended consequences can result – such as increasing house prices around newly designed green areas of cities – which can lead to forms of exclusion and protest.